father-daughter

the father-daughter relationship, although confucius did not consider it important, came closer to his ideal of respectful and tender love than did the father-son relationship. the clever and beautiful girl who is her father's favorite is as common in chinese poetry, novels, and stories as in our own. chinese history and fiction also contain heroines as devoted to their fathers as antigone was to hers. there are many energitic girls who perform deeds of bravery to avenge their parents such as the "Rainbow Girl" heroine of one of the modern and new strange stories. a seventeenth century collection, who allowed herself to be captured by several men in succestion in order to find her father's murders or Ho Yu-Feng, the brave and wise heroine of story of a courageous girl, a favorite nineteenth-century novel of adventure. the greatest exploits of Mulan, the famous girl soldier, were inspired not by patriotism but by filial piety. mulan joined the army to substitute for her old father.

mother and son of chinese

as in all patriarchal families, chinese mothers expressed their love for their children more than did the fathers. the mothers was chia-tze, the symbol of kidness. the father chia-yen, the symbol of dignity and sterness. the Li Chu sums up this difference in a striking passage "here now is the affection of a father for his sons. he loves the worthy among them, and places on a lower level those who do not show ability. but that of a mother for them is such, that while she loves the worthy. she pities those who do not show ability. the mother deals with them on the gound of altection and not of showing them honour. the father on the ground of showing them honour and not of affection"

although confucius did not list the mother-son relationship among the five most important ones, the mother occupied the first place in the son's heart. he responded spontaneously to her love and morals, laws, and customs encouraged him not to hide his feelings as unworthy of a man but to display them. respect was due to the mother, but the the sacred book stressed that the dominant feeling of the son for his mother should be love. chinese writers and poets write with great warmth and understanding of the mutual love of mother and son.

a mother's position became especially strong and responsible after her husband's dead. chinese history contains a gallery of energetic and clever widows who brought up their sons and helped them to achieve success. perhaps the best known of these is the mother of the philasopher Mencius, a woman who in chinese didactical literature plays a part equivalent to that of cornelia, the mother of the gracchi in the european imagination. the mother of Mencius supported her son by weaving. she also supervised his intellectual and moral education. she changed her dwelling three times to save her son from disturbing influences, and finally chose a house near a school to encourage his scholarly inclinations. once when mencius slackened his efforts, his mother suddenly cut the cloth she was weaving to show him the ill effect of interrupted work.

though the mother in china rarely has achieved a position of real dominance in the family, the devotion of her children probably has brought her deeper gratification than in any other country in the world

warlordisme and the nasionalist revolution

the disintegration of the Chinese nation led to emergence of a warlord period, which prevailed for two decade, from 1916-1936. at yuan's death somme of his officers and others with sufficient power-seized control of various regions. these territories were controlled by the warlords, who maintainned private armies manned with conscripted peasants, to protect and extend their provincial domains. even sun yat sen and his followers had to seek refuge under the protection of the warlord in Canton. Sun's revolutionary program now called for the eventual establishment of constitutional goverment in three stages 1. unification of the nation through elimination of warlordism by military force and termination of foreign intervention in China 2. a periode of polotical tutelage to prepare the people, neither the european powes nor the warlords paid any attenttion to the disillusioned Dr. sun, who was now despearate for a way to save China from further disintegration.

the political turmoil in china provided the impetus for an intellectual awakning. in 1919 this intelellectual ferment culmimted in the May fourth Movement. it was instigated by high school and university students and their teachers who were searching for a modelon which to build a new chinese. the may fourth movement led to reform in the written chinese language, from the archaic classical style to use of the vernacular, or everyday spoken form. it also introduced the study of western science, technology, and political ideologis, includeing Marxism. the mhe mmovement was closely tied in with demonstrations by university students against foreign intervention in chinese affairs and against warlordism. these activities gave impetus to new nationalistic and patriotic feeling emerging among the general population.

revolusi chinese of 1911

one leader who advocated revolutionnary change was Dr. sun yatsen. in 1894 he founded a small secret society among overseas chinese for purpose of overthrowing the decaying Manchu dynasty. as a revolutionary with a price on his head, much of the time sun wan forced to operate and organize abroad. after many years of hard work southeast asia, japan and hawai, sun's movement took hold among educated young chinese aboard. in 1905, 400 of sun's followers gathered in japan to form the first viable revolutionary movement, the tung meng hui. the members took a solemn oath to bring down the alien Manchu empire and replace it with a chinese republic. ten different attempts were organized and financed by the group, headquartered variously in tokyo and hanoi, to strike down the vulnerable Manchu rule by assassinating imperial officials. as these revolutionary attempts failed, one by one, and more revolutionaries lost their lives, the movement became demoralized and ran low on funds. on october 10, 1911 an eleventh attempt was made. it resulted in a successful uprising by discontented and dissatisfied provicial officials, merchants, and imperial army commanders. the manchu emperor abdicated, and shortly thereafter the chinese imperial dynasty system was ended.

while Dr. sun's revolutionary movement, comprised largely of students youths, and overseas chinese, gave impetus and momentum to the revolution, it was not the force which brought down empire. it was the new imperial army, headed by yuan shikai, that forced the abdication. under an agreement with Dr. sun who had little bargaining power. yuan shihkai assumed the power of goverment immediately after the abdication and stayed on to become the first preisdent of the chinese republic. the new republic floundered from start. very few chinese had any real understanding of western democracy. all the chinese political traditions and institutions were designed for impererial rule and, therefore were ill suited for constutional democracy. uan shihkai increasingly disregarded the constituiton, and finaly attempted to establish himself as emperor. the chinese nation disintegraded as the new goverrment proved incapable of comanding allegiance from the people in the midst of mountig domestic problems and the constant meddling in chinese internal affairs by european powers and japan. yuan's death in 1916 marked the final collapse of the central goverment's effective authority.

the chinese revolution

long before the Manchu dynasty reached its lowest ebb, reform efforts were made to prevent furture decay. reformers basicly sought remedial measures to abolosh an inefficient and corrupt bureaucracy. they attempted to strengthen the imperal goverments capability to meet unrest and rebelion in the countryside, the sourse of China's manpower, food suply, and goverment revenues. unrest and rebelion were trigerred by the demands of an increased population on the limited supplies the land could produce and by the perennial occurrence of drought, flood, and famine. confidence in the Manchu dynasty's ability to govern received a sereve blow in 1842, when european goverments forced open the closed doors of china wiith unequal treaties that provided for special territorial concessions to strngthen the old chinese empire by making changes in such traditional instituions as examination system and the military establishment. the optimism of the reformers was dashed when china received her greatest huiliation-defeat by japan in 1895. this defeat convinced some that reform alone could not possibly save the empire, and it gave rise to the idea that a revolution might be necessary to over-throw the traditional imperial system.

footbinding loses favor

in 1836 after the Manchurian takeover of china, the Manchurian rules attempted to stop the practice of footbinding. unfortunately, the many Manchurian women and men found the tiny feet attractive and the practice countinued for another 100 years.

in the 1800's people from the west, including missionaries, came to china and had a great influence in ending footbinding. missionaries demanded that girls entering their school unbind their feet and foot binding among their parishioners was discouraged. natural foot societies and other emancipation movements organized by chinese.

physical problem from footbinding

the most obvious physical effect of footbinding was crippled gait. gangrene, infection, paralysis, and muscle atrophy were also noted. unfortunately, there are few writings documenting the specific physical problems associated with the first few months or years of footbinding. the writings also discuss pus in the bindings and shoes. the reference to blood and pus does point toward infection.

in the essay painful words about lotus hooks by Chueh Fei Sheng, he discusses his own wife's footbinding experience and the frequent pain and infections she suffered: "i was from av average family, whre daughters in law had to draw water from the well and pound the mortar. my wife, with tiny and weak feet, couldnt stand the heavy labor. whenever the foot infections caused her to have to sweep the floors on her knees. i placed bean curd peeling or vegetable leaves on her foot binding. at such times, i couldnt help thinking of evil and injurious this custom was. suddenly my fondness for the golden lotus came to an end"

consequences of binding among older women in beijing

in 1997, research finding were published in the American Journal of Public Health in a paper titled consequences of footbinding among older women in Beijing, China. the researchers traveld to Beijing to interview and test women over 70 years old who had had their feet bound in childhood and compared them to women of the same age whose feet had never been bound. the study found that for some activities there was no difference between the two groups of women. they could walk 1 kilometer, stand while cooking and generally get around. in the case of falling, a major problem for older women, 38% of the women with bound feet had falls where the control group of women with unbound feet had falls incidence of only 19%. the women with bound feet were also found to be less able to squat 54% vs 34% and five times slower to rise from a chairs than their unbound counterparts. the test group had bone density test showing a 5.1% lower density in the hip and 4.5% lower density in the spine. the increased fall rate coupled with the lower bone density in these subjects increased fall spinal fractures in this study group. the conclusion of the study was that footbinding produced severe lifelong disabilities.

poor families of foot binding

the fact is that only a small portion of female population had their feet bound to the point of having a crippling effect. most of the literature discusses the 3" Lotus foot as the ideal and, by desaign, the most crippling, but this was only practical for elite women who did not need to work. these elite families had servants and were conveyed around town. poor or middle class women tended to have the 5" lotus feet which was far less crippling, so that they could still work.

there are records to support this disparity between the size of the lotus feet and the class of girl family. binding the feet of girls of affuluent families was started at the earliest possible age, whreas the bindings of the feet of the girls in farming families, for instance, began around puberty and their feet were often unbound after marriage. the wealthy woman was more valuabe in the marriage as a symbol beauty and class if her feet were smaller and the poorer women a more valuabe commodity if her feet were some what larger and she could help with the family business.

it is interesting to note that women from wealthy families and prostitutes had the smallest feet. this does lead to the conclusion that both women from wealthy families and prostitutes were treated like commodities, due to the attraction to their tiny feet. this fact also discount the idea that the women with the tiny smaller feet would be kept chaste and at home since prostitutes were certainly not chaste. it sounds comparable to the saying "keep her barefoot and the pregnant"

began of footbinding chinese

footbinding as a cultural phenomenon has passed into historical annals.there is such a thing as historical and cultural relavitivism.
the chinese traditon of binding the feet of women lasted for 1.000 years from the early 10th century until was outlawed in 1912. this custom of binding a young girls feet, some as young as five years old, was adhered to by many chinese and smallness of feet became a source of pride for the woman and she considered unmarriageable without them. there are many theories proposed for why such a painful and crippling practice lasted so long. the first is the theory that footbinding was a way to subjugate women and keep them at home. this hobbling was meant to make ambulation difficult for the women making her less likely to run around and commit adultery. the socond theory is that footbinding wa simply a fashion statement and a source of admiration for the beaty of the small bound foot.

chinese thought that the smaller the woman's foot, the more wondrous become in folds of the vagina. therefore marriages in ta-tung often take place earlier than elsewhre. women in other districts can produce these folds artificially, but only way is by footbinding, which concentrates develop layer after layer(of folds within vagina). those who have personally experienced this(in sexual intercource) feel a supernatural exaltation. so the system of foot binding was not really oopressive.

sanur beach

kapan terakhir ya ke bali? seeingetku sich waktu kelulusan SMP deh. kalo menurutku sich sanur g keren keren amat sich. soalnya udh banyak pencemaran gt deh. airnya g biru juga. uhhh padahal itu kan omzet pariwisatanya menarik bgt yah. kenapa sich ko g di jaga? dilestarikan gt...

sebenarnya ada apa sich dengan masyarakat indonesia yg seolah-olah g peduli? heran deh ko g pada sadar ya? liat ja fasilitas-fasilitas bnyk yg di rusak(apa lagi wktu demo tuhh...), trs coret sana coret sini(kan ngrusak pemandangan yah..). kalo diliat-liat sebenarnya ada apa dengan kita? tanyakan lagi deh pada hati masing-masing. kalo di LN kan jrg bgt sich yg kayak gt...ato apa q ja yah yg g tw...?hehe. soalnya nih, q g ppernah liat tuh di LN da coret-coret tembok sana sini. kayaknya jarang bgt deh...lohhh ko jadi mlenceng bgt sich ma topik? ayo deh! kembali ke laptop!

enaknya di sanur tuh sunrisenya yg kool bgt deh. seumur hidup g bisa dilupain deh.hehe. disekitar sanur banyak juga hotel, bungalow, hostel...ratusan deh.tempat nya jg strategis. disana jg terkenal ma desa desa yg berbau-bau etnik. yahhh bali gt loh! kebudayaannya masih kental bgt. didesa-desa itu juga banyak loh yg jualan pernak-pernik. cantik deh

wlo gt bali tuh ttp jadi pilihan best untuk ngabisin liburanq deh...kpn yah maen2 ke bali bareng2 ma ank sachin? kmrn sich udh planning nih mau nabung dl..hehe.amien!